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Fracture is the breaking of a material, such as a rock, and the crack is the fracture surface. If a material has been subjected to sufficient stress, the stress will eventually reach a critical value and a crack will be initiated and grow. The size of the crack is a function of the type of material, the chemical composition of the material, the dimensions of the crack and the stress applied to the crack. Even though cracks and holes are common features of natural materials (coral, limestone, wood) and artificial ones (tiles, ceramics, bricks), they are seldom seen in metal materials. Cracks in metals are more likely to be found in the welds between adjacent parts.
When stress reaches a critical value, a crack will start. The stress that the crack can withstand is called the tensile strength of the material. If the crack is allowed to continue to grow, then it will eventually reach the tensile strength of the material. This process is called crack propagation. In the case of a brittle material, the growth of the crack is linear, and the crack will not stop until it reaches the tensile strength of the material.
Fracture toughness is the resistance to fracture of a material. To predict the size of the crack, different models have been proposed by engineers. These models range from a simple model based on the elastic crack theory to the complex model based on the dynamic strain energy release rate. The classical theory is the so-called Griffith theory. It is based on the crack propagation rate, which is proportional to the driving force. The classical approach to predict crack growth by using stress-intensity factor is not appropriate for brittle materials, because this method only applies to ductile materials.
The tensile strength is a physical property of the material. It is usually expressed in MPa (Megapascal). In a general way, the tensile strength of a material is proportional to the fracture toughness of the material (Gc). In metals, the fracture toughness is a material property; however, it is also affected by the temperature, loading condition, and material composition. The fracture toughness of a metal is expressed in MPa-m1/2. The fracture toughness can be computed numerically and experimentally by means of crack propagation analyses [5].
When the linear viscoelastic constitutive model is used in the analysis, the crack that is most likely to begin near the surface of a concrete or asphalt mixture is the surface crack. This crack will be the first crack that will occur in the material and will give rise to the most damage. A numerical model must accurately determine the stress distribution and stress intensity in order to be able to predict the damage that will occur in the material. The goal of this research is to develop a numerical model that can efficiently compute the energy release rate at the surface of the material in order to predict the damage caused by the first crack that will occur in the material. The numerical model must be highly accurate in order to model the behavior of the material accurately and efficiently. This numerical model must be designed to accurately model the response of the material to the load. If a numerical model is not designed to accurately model the material, then a numerical model that over-predicts the material will result in over-estimating the damage caused by the crack. This research provides a means of developing numerical models for modeling the response of asphalt mixtures to a load that will accurately model the behavior of the material, including the stress concentration that occurs at the crack tip. In order to accurately model the behavior of the material, the numerical model must be designed to accurately model the material. The ability of a numerical model to accurately model the material impacts its ability to accurately predict the damage that will occur in the material. 827ec27edc